Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an “invasional meltdown” occurring in the Great Lakes?

نویسنده

  • Anthony Ricciardi
چکیده

A widely cited hypothesis in ecology is that species-rich communities are less vulnerable to invasion than species-poor ones, owing to competition for limiting resources (the “biotic resistance” model). However, evidence for biotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems is equivocal. Contrary to the view that communities become more resistant to invasion as they accumulate species, the rate of invasion has increased over the past century in areas that have received frequent shipping traffic. Furthermore, introduced species may facilitate, rather than compete with, one another. A review of invasions in the Great Lakes indicates that direct positive (mutualistic and commensal) interactions among introduced species are more common than purely negative (competitive and amensal) interactions. In addition, many exploitative (e.g., predator–prey) interactions appear to be strongly asymmetric in benefiting one invading species at a negligible cost to another. These observations, combined with an increasing invasion rate in the Great Lakes, tentatively support the Simberloff – Von Holle “invasional meltdown” model. The model posits that ecosystems become more easily invaded as the cumulative number of species introductions increases, and that facilitative interactions can exacerbate the impact of invaders. It provides a theoretical argument for substantially reducing the rate of species introductions to the Great Lakes. Résumé : Une hypothèse couramment citée en écologie veut que les communautés riches en espèces soient moins vulnérables aux invasions que les plus pauvres, à cause de la compétition pour les ressources limitantes (le modèle de la « résistance biotique »). Cependant, les preuves de l’existence d’une telle résistance biotiques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques sont équivoques. En contradiction avec l’opinion qui prétend que les communautés deviennent plus résistantes lorsqu’elles accumulent plus d’espèces, le taux d’invasion a augmenté au cours du siècle dernier dans les régions qui reçoivent un important trafic maritime. De plus, les espèces introduites peuvent même faciliter leur coexistence mutuelle plutôt qu’entrer en compétition. Une étude des invasions dans les Grands-Lacs révèle que les interactions directes positives (de mutualisme et de commensalisme) parmi les espèces introduites sont plus fréquentes que les interactions purement négatives (de compétition et d’amensalisme). De plus, plusieurs des interactions d’exploitation (e.g., de type prédateur-proie) semblent être fortement asymétriques en avantageant l’un des envahisseur à un coût négligeable pour l’autre. Ces observations ainsi que le taux croissant des invasions dans les Grands-Lacs semblent vouloir appuyer le modèle d’ « effondrement des communautés à la suite des invasions » de Simberloff – Von Holle. Le modèle prédit que les écosystèmes deviennent de plus en plus faciles à envahir à mesure que le nombre cumulatif d’espèces introduites y augmente et que des actions facilitantes viennent exacerber l’impact des envahisseurs. Il s’agit donc d’un argument théorique pour limiter de façon importante le taux d’introduction d’espèces dans les

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تاریخ انتشار 2001